Patient Education Hub
Understand your heart, your numbers and your warning signs
Reviewed, plain-language articles written to help you make informed decisions between consultations. Every article is medically reviewed and dated.
3 articles
Diabetes (Sugar Problem)
Diabetes, commonly called “sugar problem” or “sugar disease,” is a long-term health condition in which the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood becomes too high. Glucose is an important source of energy for the body. A hormone called insulin helps glucose move from the blood into the body's cells, where it can be used for energy. Diabetes develops when the body does not produce enough insulin, does not use insulin effectively, or both. When blood sugar remains high for a long time, it can gradually damage blood vessels and nerves and affect important organs such as the heart, kidneys, eyes and feet. Diabetes does not always cause obvious symptoms. In particular, type 2 diabetes may develop slowly and remain unnoticed for years. This is why early testing and regular health check-ups are important, especially for people with risk factors. The good news is that diabetes can often be effectively managed, and many complications can be prevented or delayed through appropriate treatment, healthy lifestyle habits, regular monitoring and medical follow-up.
8 min · Updated Sept 2026
Heart attack
A heart attack, medically called a myocardial infarction (MI), happens when blood flow to part of the heart muscle becomes severely reduced or blocked. Without enough blood and oxygen, the affected heart muscle begins to become damaged. A heart attack is a medical emergency. Fast treatment can restore blood flow, limit heart-muscle damage and improve the chances of recovery. The most commonly recognised symptom is chest discomfort, which may feel like pressure, squeezing, tightness, heaviness or aching. However, a heart attack does not always look the same in every person. Some people may mainly experience breathlessness, nausea, sweating, unusual tiredness, dizziness or discomfort in the arm, back, neck or jaw. Never wait for symptoms to become severe before seeking help.
8 min · Updated Sept 2026
Heart failure
Heart failure is a long-term condition in which the heart cannot pump blood around the body as effectively as it should. This does not mean that the heart has stopped working. Instead, the heart may be too weak to pump enough blood, too stiff to fill properly, or both. Because the heart cannot meet the body's needs efficiently, fluid can build up in the lungs, legs, ankles and other parts of the body. This can lead to symptoms such as breathlessness, tiredness and swelling of the legs. Heart failure can develop gradually or sometimes appear suddenly. It can affect people of different ages, although it is more common in older adults. Heart failure is usually a long-term condition, but appropriate treatment, regular medical follow-up and lifestyle changes can help control symptoms, improve quality of life and reduce the risk of hospitalisation.
9 min · Updated Sept 2026
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